In the previous column, we introduced the basic building blocks of an artificial neural network (ANN): neurons computing linear combinations of inputs, followed by a nonlinear activation function 1.

The world of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving, and AI is increasingly enabling applications that were previously unattainable or very difficult to implement. A subsequent article, ...

There are exponential increases in data 1 especially from highly complex systems, whose non-linear interactions and relationships are not well understood, and which can display major or unexpected ...