Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries play a crucial role in modern energy storage systems, with their performance and longevity heavily dependent on accurately assessing their State of Health (SOH).

State-of-the-art backpropagation-free learning methods employ local error feedback to direct iterative optimisation via gradient descent. Here, we examine the more ...

Obtaining the gradient of what's known as the loss function is an essential step to establish the backpropagation algorithm developed by University of Michigan researchers to train a material. The ...